Frozen shoulder, medically known as adhesive capsulitis, is a painful and disabling condition of the shoulder joint characterized by progressive stiffness, pain, and significant restriction of both active and passive movements. It commonly affects middle-aged and older adults and can severely interfere with daily activities such as combing hair, dressing,...
Piriformis Syndrome is a common but often misdiagnosed cause of buttock pain and leg pain. Many people mistake it for sciatica or a spine-related problem, but in reality, the pain originates from a small muscle deep in the hip region called the piriformis muscle. With the rise of sedentary lifestyles,...
Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder, and because muscles are fragile and prone to damage, precautions play a critical role in slowing disease progression and preventing complications. Incorrect movements, over-exertion, poor posture, or neglect of respiratory care can accelerate muscle damage and reduce functional independence. Precautions in muscular dystrophy...
Common types of stroke Introduction Paralysis and stroke are life-changing conditions that affect movement, strength, balance, and daily activities. One of the most effective and essential treatments for both conditions is physiotherapy rehabilitation. Early and regular physiotherapy treatment for paralysis and stroke recovery helps patients regain mobility, improve independence, and enhance quality...
Cervical spondylosis is a common degenerative condition of the cervical spine (neck region). It occurs due to age-related wear and tear affecting the cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, joints, and ligaments. With increasing age, the structures of the neck gradually degenerate, leading to pain, stiffness, and sometimes neurological symptoms. Cervical spondylosis...
Meniscus injury is one of the most common knee injuries seen in sports persons, physically active individuals, and even older adults. The meniscus is a crucial structure of the knee joint that helps in shock absorption, load transmission, joint stability, and smooth movement. Damage to the meniscus can lead to...
Introduction An ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries seen in daily life, sports, and occupational activities. It occurs when the ligaments that support the ankle joint are overstretched or torn due to sudden twisting, rolling, or impact. Although ankle sprains are often considered minor injuries, improper treatment...
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic, progressive, degenerative joint disorder characterized by gradual loss of articular cartilage, changes in subchondral bone, formation of osteophytes, synovial inflammation, and varying degrees of pain and functional limitation. It is one of the most common causes...
Introduction Ataxia is a neurological condition characterized by loss of coordination of voluntary movements, despite normal muscle strength. The term “ataxia” is derived from the Greek word meaning “without order.” People with ataxia have difficulty controlling movements of the arms, legs, trunk, eyes, and speech. The condition affects balance, posture, walking,...
1. INTRODUCTION TO BACK PAIN Back pain refers to discomfort, soreness, or pain located anywhere in the back region, from the neck to the pelvis. The back is a complex structure composed of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, ligaments, joints, muscles, and nerves. Any disturbance or injury to these components can lead...
