1. INTRODUCTION TO BACK PAIN Back pain refers to discomfort, soreness, or pain located anywhere in the back region, from the neck to the pelvis. The back is a complex structure composed of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, ligaments, joints, muscles, and nerves. Any disturbance or injury to these components can lead...
Peripheral Neuropathy (PN) is a collective term describing disorders of the peripheral nerves—the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves include motor nerves, sensory nerves, and autonomic nerves. Damage to any of these nerves leads to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, burning pain, tingling, or loss of sensation,...
Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. It is a chronic, progressive condition in which the natural cushioning between the knee bones—called articular cartilage—gradually wears away. As this protective cartilage breaks down, the bones of the knee joint begin to...
Introduction Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle control, and coordination. It primarily occurs due to the degeneration of specific brain cells that produce dopamine—a neurotransmitter responsible for smooth and coordinated muscle activity. As dopamine levels drop, symptoms such as tremors, slowness of movement, stiffness,...
Bell’s palsy is a neurological condition that causes sudden, temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. It occurs due to inflammation or compression of the seventh cranial nerve (facial nerve), which controls facial expressions, eye blinking, tearing, salivation, and taste sensations. Although the condition...
Cervical pain, commonly referred to as neck pain, is one of the most frequent musculoskeletal complaints affecting people of all ages. The cervical spine supports the weight of the head, protects the spinal cord, and allows a wide range of movements including flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending. Because of...
Introduction Sciatica is one of the most common and painful conditions affecting the lower back and legs. It refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which is the longest and thickest nerve in the human body. The sciatic nerve originates from the lower spine, passes through...
Introduction Frozen shoulder, medically known as adhesive capsulitis, is a painful and disabling condition characterized by stiffness and restricted movement in the shoulder joint. It primarily affects the glenohumeral joint, where the humeral head fits into the shallow socket of the scapula. The term “frozen shoulder” accurately describes the loss of...
